A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe where it meets the foot. It develops when the bones in the front part of the foot move out of place, causing the tip of the big toe to lean toward the other toes. This misalignment creates a visible lump and can lead to swelling, pain, and difficulty wearing certain shoes.
Causes
Bunions can form due to:
Inherited foot shape or structural problems
Wearing tight, narrow, or high-heeled shoes
Arthritis, particularly inflammatory types like rheumatoid arthritis
Foot injuries
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
A bulging bump on the outside of the base of the big toe
Swelling, redness, or soreness around the joint
Persistent or intermittent pain
Restricted movement of the big toe
Calluses or corns where the first and second toes overlap
Diagnosis
A bunion diagnosis is made during a physical exam and confirmed with X-rays to evaluate the degree of deformity and any underlying joint changes.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the severity of the bunion and the level of discomfort:
Non-Surgical Options
Wearing wider shoes with a roomy toe box
Padding or taping the foot to reduce pressure
Custom orthotic devices to correct alignment
Anti-inflammatory medications or ice to reduce pain and swelling
Surgical Options
If conservative measures fail and pain persists, bunion surgery (bunionectomy) may be recommended to realign the bone, ligaments, and tendons.
Recovery & Prevention
Recovery time depends on whether surgery is performed. Non-surgical care can provide relief and slow progression, but only surgery can fully correct the deformity. Preventive measures include wearing properly fitted shoes and avoiding prolonged use of narrow or high-heeled footwear.
